Essay on Comparing W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington

Comparing W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T Washington had very different views about their culture and country. Du Bois, being born in the North and studying in Europe, was fascinated with the idea of Socialism and Communism. Booker T Washington, on the other hand, was born in the South, and like so many others, had a Black mother and a White father. Thus being born half-white, his views and ideas were sometimes not in the best interest of his people. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Du Bois had a poor but relatively happy New England childhood. While still in high school he began his long writing career by serving as a†¦show more content†¦As early as 1909 he had projected an Encyclopedia Africana that would preserve and expand the store of knowledge about Black people. Encyclopedia of the Negro: Preparatory Volume appeared in 1945. Du Boiss twilight years in Ghana where devoted mainly to this task. Du Bois placed his stress on culture and liberty, urging higher education, and full political and civil rights for all. He had become interested in the problems of Africa as well as Afro-Americans. Du Bois wanted Black Africa independent from colonial rule and united within. In 1961 he accepted the invitation of President Kwame Nkrumah to take up residence in Ghana, the first ex-colonial Black African nation. Du Bois had lived to see his Pan-African dream becoming reality. During his student days in Germany, Du Bois took his first tentative steps toward the political left. He joined the Socialist Party in 1910, resigning, however, in 1912. In the 1920s he began reading Marx carefully, and during the 1930s he considered himself a Marxist Socialist, though he criticized the Communist Party for its ineptitude in dealing with Black problems. Du Bois was indicted by the department of Justice early in 1951 for failure to register as agent of a foreign principal concerning his work as chairman of the Peace Information Center. The charge was absurd and Du Bois wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington999 Words   |  4 Pageswhich had videos about Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. There were two African American men wanting to uplift the Black community, but sought two different ways of doing so. They both saw things from two different points of views. Booker T. Washington spoke as a southerner who grew up as a slave that experienced rac ism throughout his life. He advocated industrial/vocational education to give blacks a useful skill to make money and take of their families. Washington had attended Hampton UniversityRead MoreThe Education System Of The United States Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages The education of young African Americans was in question. There were two primary arguments during the reconstruction period. One from Booker T. Washington and the other from W.E. B. DuBois. Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington felt that African Americans should receive a vocational style education. He called the nation’s attention to education by comparing poor African Americans to wealthy white New Yorkers. He drew attention to the educated vote being balanced by an ignorant African AmericanRead MoreImportance of African American Literature Addressing the Black Experience3064 Words   |  13 Pagesliterature in recent years has been to illuminate for the modern world the sophistication and beauty inherent in their culture as well as the constant struggle they experience in the oppressive American system. When writers such as Langston Hughes, W.E.B. DuBois and Alice Walker present their material, they manage to convey to a future world the great depth of feeling and meaning their particular culture retained as compared with the culture of their white counterparts. Without this attempt at preservationRead MoreEssay Art Life of Langston Hughes5893 Words   |  24 Pagesthou gh he moved often during his life there are people that Langston was greatly influenced by, his grandmother implanted a sense of dedication, she told him wonderful stories about Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth and once took him to hear Booker T. Washington. Shortly after his thirteenth birthday, his grandmother died and Langston moved in with James and Mary Reed for the next two years, they were not related but Hughes referred to Mary as his Aunt. Mary Reed is the one responsible for introducing

Indian Society and Social Systems in India Free Essays

Indian society is multifaceted to an extent perhaps unknown in any other of the world’s great civilizations. Virtually no generalization made about Indian society is valid for all of the nation’s multifarious groups. Comprehending the complexities of Indian social structure has challenged scholars and other observers over many decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Indian Society and Social Systems in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now The ethnic and linguistic diversity of Indian civilization is more like the diversity of an area as variable as Europe than like that of any other single nation-state. Living within the embrace of the Indian nation are vast numbers of different regional, social, and economic groups, each with different cultural practices. Particularly noteworthy are differences between social structures in the north and the south, especially in the realm of kinship systems. Throughout the country, religious differences can be significant, especially between the Hindu majority and the large Muslim minority; and other Indian groups–Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Jews, Parsis, Sikhs, and practitioners of tribal religions–all pride themselves on being unlike members of other faiths. Access to wealth and power varies considerably, and vast differences in socioeconomic status are evident everywhere. The poor and the wealthy live side by side in urban and rural areas. It is common in city life to see a prosperous, well-fed man or woman chauffeured in a fine car pass gaunt street dwellers huddled beneath burlap shelters along the roadway. In many villages, solid cement houses of landowners rise not far from the flimsy thatched shacks of landless laborers. Even when not so obvious, distinctions of class are found in almost every settlement in India. Urban-rural differences can be immense in the Indian Society. Nearly 74 percent of India’s population dwells in villages, with agriculture providing support for most of these rural residents. In villages, mud-plastered walls ornamented with traditional designs, dusty lanes, herds of grazing cattle, and the songs of birds at sunset provide typical settings for the social lives of most Indians. In India’s great cities, however, millions of people live amidst cacophony–roaring vehicles, surging crowds, jammed apartment buildings, busy commercial establishments, loudspeakers blaring movie tunes–while breathing the poisons of industrial and automotive pollution. Gender distinctions are pronounced. The behavior expected of men and women can be quite different, especially in villages, but also in urban centers. Prescribed ideal gender roles help shape the actions of both sexes as they move between family and the world outside the home. Crosscutting and pervading all of these differences of region, language, wealth, status, religion, urbanity, and gender is the special feature of Indian society that has received most attention from observers: caste. The people of India belong to thousands of castes and castelike groups–hierarchically ordered, named groups into which members are born. Caste members are expected to marry within the group and follow caste rules pertaining to diet, avoidance of ritual pollution, and many other aspects of life. Given the vast diversity of Indian society, any observation must be tempered with the understanding that it cannot apply to all Indians. Still, certain themes or underlying principles of life are widely accepted in India. How to cite Indian Society and Social Systems in India, Essay examples

What is Your Something free essay sample

According to Henry David Thoreau, One is not born into the world to do everything, but to do something. What is your something? â€Å"The light of a single star tinges the mountains of many regions.† This Chinese proverb exemplifies what I find to be the most indispensable advice for somebody trying to make a difference in the world, as well as for myself as I pursue my numerous goals in life. While I understand that I am only one person and cannot solve every problem in our world, I know that taking even minor steps can make a difference in the community and over time, evolve into something much greater. Throughout my education, I have found that what truly brings me joy is applying what I have learned to help other people. Through the LaGrange soccer program I have been able to take the skills and understanding of soccer which I have gathered over nine years of playing and six years of refereeing, and use them to coach mentally disabled children who are trying to learn the game and improve their technique. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Your Something? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a future engineer I look forward to creating and improving our infrastructure in order to enhance the lives of others. Whether it’s accessing clean water sources, constructing schools and medical centers, or building physical or cultural bridges, I believe the progression and evolution of humanity should be the number one priority for future engineers. If possible, I would not stop until every nation and culture could experience the same engineering and technological advancements that the United States experiences. It is through these experiences and life goals that I have discovered one of my greatest attributes to be my motivation and determination to do something of value with my life and truly make an impact in the world.

Most Undisciplined Profligate Crew Essay Example

Most Undisciplined Profligate Crew Essay During the past twenty years, historians have learned that there were at least two Continental armies, the first being the army of 1775-1776, which was mostly made of large land owners who were expecting a short conflict, untrained and undisciplined, the second Continental army was built out of the first but had more discipline, a more difficult training regime, and called for longer enlistments. The first Continental army believed the quality of their ideals and their honorable pledge to defend their homes against the British would be enough to defeat the British quickly. The first Continental army lost quickly to the superior numbers and training of the British offensive against New York. Although the army was very zealous, it was not enough to defeat the well-seasoned British army. The first Continental army gave the blue prints for the second Continental army. With these blueprints George Washington called for a â€Å"respectable army† in which there was no more short term enlistments, there was arduous training, and a great emphasis on command and control. The second Continental army had many problems, such as starvation, poor clothing and the men weren’t being compensated well for their struggles. These tussles lead to protests, mutinies and desertion. The second Continental army consisted mostly of the poorer class of society, servants of numerous kinds, and the unemployed, and the second Continental army also used land and financial incentives to recruit these lower classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Undisciplined Profligate Crew specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Most Undisciplined Profligate Crew specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Most Undisciplined Profligate Crew specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second Continental army was much more abrasive with the civilian populace, than the first Continental army, but was also more cohesive and effective once properly trained and disciplined. The Pennsylvania soldiers’ mutiny demonstrated that the veterans of the Continental army were being maltreated by their leaders who were not able to feed or cloth the soldiers accordingly and were not keeping to the contract stating the soldiers only signed up for three years instead of the duration. A thousand men mutinied on a planned signal and marched toward Philadelphia in order to receive the same benefits that the newer, less experienced soldiers were receiving. An officer was killed and two were wounded when several officers tried to control the mutineers. The majority of the mutineers did not want to leave the army, but instead wanted the correct pay, proper clothing and the liberty to leave or stay. This was evident when the mutineers performed appropriately to the civilians along the route to Philadelphia. Once the mutineers were able to plead their case to Congress, they received all they asked for including: the discharge of any three year enlistee who claimed to have completed his enlistment, back-pay, new clothes, and immunity from mutinying. The mutineers won because George Washington needed the manpower, and many of the men reenlisted right after being discharged. All of these men were veterans of the Revolutionary war and had already put three years into their future home and weren’t about to quit or give up at this point of the war. The different methods used by the soldiers and officers of the Continental army against the lack of government support were mutiny, looting, plundering, desertion, and protesting, the officers and soldiers were not able to unite because they were not allowed to fraternize, and the one time the officers encouraged a protest they were executed immediately for treason, even though the first volley shot at the prisoners was missed intentionally by the prisoners comrades in the firing squad. The soldiers mutinied largely twice against the state and were mostly victorious twice. The soldiers deserted and went to other recruiters to receive more bounties, and then repeated the process until the â€Å"bounty jumper† could not find any more places to receive bounties or until he was caught. The civilian populace quickly grew tired of being forced to â€Å"lend† goods to the looting and pillaging soldiers, but the soldiers thought of it as survival and patriotic since they were starving for the honorable and just cause of freedom. The officers protested and threatened to resign unless their wages were paid correctly and accommodatingly. The soldiers and officers did not unite because the officers were gentlemen and thought themselves above the rest of the regular soldiers, fraternization was against military regulations and the one time officers did get involved two men were executed.

Definition and Examples of Bowdlerisms

Definition and Examples of Bowdlerisms Definition Bowdlerism is the practice of of removing or restating any material in a text that might be considered offensive to some readers. Verb: bowdlerize. The term bowdlerism is an eponym derived from Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825), who in 1807 published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeares playsa version in which words and expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read aloud in a family. Examples and Observations Long before the British physician Thomas W. Bowdler (1754-1825) and his sister, Henrietta Bowdler (1754-1830), took it upon themselves to make the plays of William Shakespeare safe for innocent eyes, the wholesale editing of another authors writing so that it might be more palatable to prudish tastes was known as castration to some, winnowing by others. But with the publication of the first edition of the Family Shakespeare in 1807, the world of letters got a new verbbowdlerizeto identify the process of literary expurgation. . . . Immensely popular in their time, these sanitized versions of the plays were the principal text by which Englands national poet reached thousands of impressionable readers for close to a century, the dialogue discreetly pruned of any reference to God or Jesus, with every hint of sexual pleasure or misconduct snipped out. . . .Some discriminating readers were outraged, to be sure. A writer for the British Critic railed that the Bowdlers had purged and castrat ed Shakespeare, tattooed and beplaistered him, and cauterized and phlebotomized him. But bowdlerism was far from being abandoned, and was adopted by numerous successors, Noah Webster and his heavily expurgated American dictionaries and William Michael Rossettis watered-down British edition of Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass among the more egregious examples.(Nicholas A. Basbanes, Every Book Its Reader: The Power of the Printed Word to Stir the World. HarperCollins, 2005) Perhaps there is no greater tribute to the supposed power of literacy and no greater literary testament to unresolved infantile conflicts than 19th-century bowdlerism.More than words were changed. Double entendres and sexual allusions of various sorts were cut out or restated. In King Lear, the Fools codpiece song was eliminated, as was Gonerils lament about the knights brothel activities. Pepyss faithful and literate recording of his sexual experiences, and fanciful pictures, such as the voyeuristic Lilliputian army that subdued Gulliver or Swifts classically nonerotic detailing of the Brobdignagian breast, fared no better.(Richard S. Randall, Freedom and Taboo: Pornography and the Politics of a Self Divided. University of California Press, 1989)Before and After the Bowdlers[T]he practice of bowdlerism was already well established before the Bowdler family started to wield the blue pencil. Charles Wesley in 1744 published his Collection of Moral and Sacred Poems, From the Most Celeb rated Authors, in which about 100 poems have lines missing or substituted. Subsequent decades saw pruned or purged collections of poets as diverse as the Earl of Rochester, Abraham Cowley, and Matthew Prior. . . .Although bowdlerism is regarded as something of a joke from a contemporary liberated viewpoint, it has proved far more tenacious and widespread than is generally realized. Many works lacking any tincture of obscenity, some at the heart of the English literary tradition, are bowdlerized. It is only fairly recently that school editions of Shakespeare have become unexpurgated. An American study by James Lynch and Bertrand Evans, High School English Textbooks: A Critical Examination (1963) showed that all of the eleven prescribed editions of Macbeth were bowdlerized. Most editions of Gullivers Travels still excise the grosser physical details. In the United States hardly a year passes without some protest over prescribed school texts regarded as blasphemous or profane in some w ay.(Geoffrey Hughes, An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World. M.E. Sharpe, 2006) Bowdlerism and CensorshipIn Dr. Bowdlers Legacy: A History of Expurgated Books in England and America (1992), Noel Perrin distinguishes between censorship and what he calls bowdlerism. While the former is generally done by governments for political reasons, bowdlerism is done by individuals for moral ones. While censorship is usually imposed on books before they are published, and leads to their being withdrawn, bowdlerism comes afterwards, and is a form of editing. The book in question still appears, but in a form judged suitable to what is seen as an audience needing protection.(Philip Thody, Dont Do It!: A Dictionary of the Forbidden. St. Martins Press, 1997)Contemporary Bowdlerism . . . and FoodBowdlerism targeted profanity and sexual explicitness and [Thomas] Bowdlers activities led to the progressive sanitising (or bowdlerising) of a range of workseven the Bible was a targeted text. Clearly, these days the definition of dirt has shifted considerably and the goals of modern-day bowdlerites are very different. Texts are now likely to be cleansed of references to things like race, ethnicity, and religion.The US has seen a lot of these kinds of cleaning-up activities in recent years. They might even extend to the food superstitions of todaycalories, carbohydrates, cholesterol, sugar, caffeine, and salt. Apparently, US publishers are now expected to omit references to, and illustrations of, foods that are high in these shocking substances. . . . In her account of the rampant sanitizing of textbooks and state education testing services in the US, Diane Ravitch includes a substantial hit list of foods . . ..The banned substances include things like bacon, butter, margarine, cakes, sweets, coffee, condiments, corn chips, cream, cream cheese, doughnuts, French fries, fruit punches, gravy, honey, jam, jelly, preserves, ketchup, juice drinks, pickles, pies, potato chips, pretzels, salad dressings, mayonnaise, salad oil, shortening, salt, fizzy drinks, sour cream, su gar (of all kinds), tea, whipped cream. The list goes on.(Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Pronunciation: BODE-ler-iz-em

Bristol Blenheim in World War II

Bristol Blenheim in World War II Specifications - Bristol Blenheim Mk.IV: General Length: 42 ft. 7 in. Wingspan: 56 ft. 4 in. Height: 9 ft. 10 in. Wing Area: 469 sq. ft. Empty Weight: 9,790 lbs. Loaded Weight: 14,000 lbs. Crew: 3 Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Bristol Mercury XV radial engine, 920 hp Range: 1,460 miles Max Speed: 266 mph Ceiling: 27,260 ft. Armament Guns: 1 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning machine gun in port wing, 1 or 2 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning guns in rear-firing under-nose blister or Nash Thomson FN.54 turret, 2 Ãâ€" .303 in. Browning guns in dorsal turret Bombs/Rockets: 1,200 lbs. of bombs Bristol Blenheim: Origins: In 1933, the chief designer at the Bristol Aircraft Company, Frank Barnwell, began preliminary designs for a new aircraft capable of carrying a crew of two and six passengers while maintaining a cruising speed of 250 mph. This was a bold step as the Royal Air Forces fastest fighter of the day, the Hawker Fury II, could only achieve 223 mph. Creating an all-metal monocoque monoplane, Barnwells design was powered by two engines mounted in a low wing. Though dubbed the Type 135 by Bristol, no efforts were made to build a prototype. This changed the next year when noted newspaper owner Lord Rothermere took an interest. Aware of advances overseas, Rothermere was an outspoken critic of the British aviation industry which he believed was falling behind its foreign competitors. Seeking to make a political point, he approached Bristol on March 26, 1934, regarding purchasing a single Type 135 in order to have a personal aircraft superior to any flown by the RAF. After consulting with the Air Ministry, which encouraged the project, Bristol agreed and offered Rothermere a Type 135 for  £18,500. Construction of two prototypes soon began with Rothermeres aircraft dubbed the Type 142 and powered by two Bristol Mercury 650 hp engines. Bristol Blenheim - From Civil to Military: A second prototype, the Type 143, was also built. Slightly shorter and powered by twin 500 hp Aquila engines, this design was ultimately scrapped in favor of the Type 142. As development moved forward, interest in the aircraft grew and the Finnish government inquired regarding a militarized version of the Type 142. This led to Bristol beginning a study to assess adapting the aircraft for military use. The result was the creation of the Type 142F which incorporated guns and interchangeable fuselage sections which would allow it to be used as transport, light bomber, or ambulance. As Barnwell explored these options, the Air Ministry expressed interest in a bomber variant of the aircraft. Rothermeres aircraft, which he dubbed Britain First was completed and first took to sky from Filton on April 12, 1935. Delighted with the performance, he donated it to the Air Ministry to help push the project forward. As a result, the aircraft was transferred to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (AAEE) at Martlesham Heath for acceptance trials. Impressing the test pilots, it achieved speeds reaching 307 mph. Due to its performance, civil applications were discarded in favor military. Working to adapt the aircraft as a light bomber, Barnwell raised the wing to create space for a bomb bay and added a dorsal turret featuring a .30 cal. Lewis gun. A second .30 cal machine gun was added in the port wing. Designated the Type 142M, the bomber required a crew of three: pilot, bombardier/navigator, and radioman/gunner. Desperate to have a modern bomber in service, the Air Ministry ordered 150 Type 142Ms in August 1935 before the prototype flew. Dubbed the Blenheim, the named commemorated the Duke of Marlboroughs 1704 victory at Blenheim, Bavaria. Bristol Blenheim - Variants: Entering RAF service in March 1937, the Blenheim Mk I was also built under license in Finland (where it served during the Winter War) and Yugoslavia. As the political situation in Europe deteriorated, production of the Blenheim continued as the RAF sought to re-equip with modern aircraft. One early modification was the addition of a gun pack mounted on the aircrafts belly which featured four .30 cal. machine guns. While this negated the use of the bomb bay, it allowed the Blenheim to be used a long range fighter (Mk IF). While the Blenheim Mk I series filled a void in the RAFs inventory, problems quickly arose. Most notable of these was a dramatic loss of speed due to the increased weight of the military equipment. As a result, the Mk I could only reach around 260 mph while the Mk IF topped out at 282 mph. To address the problems of the Mk I, work began on what was eventually dubbed the Mk IV. This aircraft featured a revised and elongated nose, heavier defensive armament, additional fuel capacity, as well as more powerful Mercury XV engines. First flying in 1937, the Mk IV became the most produced variant of the aircraft with 3,307 built. As with the earlier model, the Mk VI could mount a gun pack for use as the Mk IVF. Bristol Blenheim - Operational History: With the outbreak of World War II, the Blenheim flew the RAFs first wartime sortie on September 3, 1939 when a single aircraft made a reconnaissance of the German fleet at Wilhelmshaven. The type also flew the RAFs first bombing mission when 15 Mk IVs attacked German ships in Schilling Roads. During the wars early months, the Blenheim was the mainstay of the RAFs light bombers forces despite taking increasingly heavy losses. Due to its slow speed and light armament, it proved particularly vulnerable to German fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109. Blenheims continued to operate after the Fall of France and raided German airfields during the Battle of Britain. On August 21, 1941 a flight of 54 Blenheims conducted an audacious raid against the power station at Cologne though lost 12 aircraft in the process. As losses continued to mount, crews developed several ad hoc methods for improving the aircrafts defenses. A final variant, the Mk V was developed as a ground attack aircraft and light bomber but proved unpopular with crews and saw only brief service. By mid-1942, it was clear that the aircraft were too vulnerable for use in Europe and the type flew its last bombing mission on the night of August 18, 1942. Use in North Africa and the Far East continued through the end of the year, but in both cases the Blenheim faced similar challenges. With the arrival of the De Havilland Mosquito, the Blenheim was largely withdrawn from service. The Blenheim Mk IF and IVFs faired better as night fighters. Achieving some success in this role, several were fitted with the Airborne Intercept Mk III radar in July 1940. Operating in this configuration, and later with the Mk IV radar, Blenheims proved capable night fighters and were invaluable in this role until the arrival of the Bristol Beaufighter in large numbers. Blenheims also saw service as long-range reconnaissance aircraft, thought they proved as vulnerable in this mission as when serving as bombers. Other aircraft were assigned to Coastal Command where they operated in a maritime patrol role and aided in protecting Allied convoys. Outclassed in all roles by newer and more modern aircraft, the Blenheim was effectively removed from frontline service in 1943 and used in a training role. British production of the aircraft during the war was supported by factories in Canada where the Blenheim was built as the Bristol Fairchild Bolingbroke light bomber/maritime patrol aircraft. Selected Sources The Blenheim Society Warbird Alley: Bristol Blenheim

Three Interesting Articles about an Issue Related to Money and Capital Assignment

Three Interesting Articles about an Issue Related to Money and Capital Markets, Financial Markets, Financial Instrument - Assignment Example The first article "Economists are rethinking the view that capital should not be taxed" relates to policy making. Taxation is one of the major tools of fiscal policy. The policy makers consider the canons of taxation put forth by Adam Smith but some markets are so complex that it is almost impossible to achieve all the objectives of these canons: There are trade-offs. This article probes into the usefulness of tax on capital gains. Traditionally, taxes on capital gains have been low because of the belief that higher taxes would have an impact on growth. This article provides arguments against this view and suggests that taxing capital gains is a good idea. America’s current corporate-tax system is being blamed for the struggling economy. Currently, the tax rate on capital gains is 15% which is lower than in many countries. Since the 1970s and 1980s, many economics have believed that this tax must be made lower. Some argue that there should be no capital tax at all. Governments have to tax some part to restore equality and to fund public goods but there is an inevitable trade-off: taxes have an impact on consumption. Negative responses to taxation are harmful for the economy. Taxation has been dealing with inequalities that related to pay differences and these inequalities were addressed through taxation on labor. However, capital tax has more complicated implications because when tax affects the level of investments and savings, it has an impact on future growth and consumption. The economic sector has incessantly appealed the policy makers to cut the rate of capital tax and it was, in fact, brought down to more than half from 1950 to 1980. There is pressure for more and zero capital tax has been recommended by most economists. Messrs Piketty and Saez have argued that lower capital tax has brought more inequalities and lesser growth. They argue that taxing capital gains is not a bad idea because the capital markets are imperfect and it is appropriate to tax capital to provide social insurance against risks. It is commonly believed that capital investments are very sensitive to the changes in tax rates. In order to keep these investments running in the future, zero tax on capital gain should be employed. This belief is reputed by the argument that most of these taxes are paid by working-age ad ults who are saving for their retirement. Therefore, they are going to save regardless of the fact that their savings are being taxed. Some economics argue that the conventional view of taxes has been ignoring inheritances. Taxing hard workers who have earned their income due to their ability seems to be unfair as those who have done nothing to earn their income are exempt. Messrs Piketty and Saez found out that the capital-output ratios